The legal effects of paternity to an "illegitimate" child can only be asserted once paternity has been effectively recognized or legally established by a court.

The vast majority of paternity determinations are based on a voluntary acknowledgement. This must be declared and publicly notarized before the youth welfare office, the local court, the registrar, the court of the paternity establishment proceedings or before a notary. Abroad, the competent consular official takes the place of the notary. Recognition may not be subject to any conditions or time limits. It is permissible even before the birth of the child.

The child's mother must give her consent for the recognition to take effect. In exceptional cases, recognition also requires the child's consent if the mother is not entitled to parental custody. The most important case is when the mother is a minor and her custody rights are therefore suspended. In this case, the child is represented by the youth welfare office as the official guardian (of course, the underage mother requires the consent of her legal representatives, i.e. usually the parents, for her consent). The consent to recognition must also be publicly notarized.

If the man is not prepared to acknowledge paternity voluntarily, the child or the mother can apply for paternity to be established (however, the man can also apply for establishment, for example if he believes that the mother has wrongly refused to consent to his declaration of acknowledgment).

The family court decides on the application for determination in parentage proceedings. As a rule, a genetic parentage report is obtained. If the expert opinion concludes that paternity is sufficiently probable, the court determines that the man in question is the father of the child.

In addition to the application to establish paternity, the child can also file an application for maintenance payments if he or she is a minor. The local family court can order the man to pay maintenance in the amount of the minimum maintenance retroactively from birth; this claim becomes effective when the man's paternity has been legally established or he has effectively acknowledged paternity. This is intended to ensure that the child receives a maintenance order as quickly as possible. On application, the court can, under certain circumstances, order the man to pay maintenance even before paternity has been legally established. If it is disputed whether the father can pay less or more than the minimum maintenance, this must be decided in subsequent proceedings.

The child can be legally represented by the Youth Welfare Office both in the preparation of a voluntary acknowledgement and in the paternity proceedings.

Responsibility for notarization:

Youth Welfare Office, local court, court for paternity proceedings, registry office, notary, abroad the responsible German consular official.

Jurisdiction for proceedings in parentage matters:

Local court - family court.

Acknowledgments of paternity and declarations of custody can be made by the parents from the time they become aware of the pregnancy, i.e. even before birth. In the case of a prenatal declaration, the mother's passport must also be submitted as proof of pregnancy. Of course, declarations can also be made after the birth of the child.